![]() Mixing costs in RTs were reduced for bilinguals with higher diversity of language use in non-university contexts. However, bilinguals with more compartmentalized language use in non-university contexts showed a larger difference in pupil dilation for switch trials in comparison with non-switch trials. Neither university entropy nor non-university entropy were associated with switching costs as manifested in RTs. Results: Higher university entropy was related to slower global RT. ![]() In addition, this study innovatively recorded a potentially more sensitive measure of set shifting abilities, namely, pupil size during task performance. Reaction times (RTs) were measured to calculate global RT and switching and mixing costs on the CSST, representing conflict monitoring, mental set shifting, and goal maintenance, respectively. Methods: Language entropy for university and non-university contexts was calculated from questionnaire data on language use. This continuous measure reflects a spectrum of language use in a variety of social contexts, ranging from compartmentalized use to fully integrated use. ![]() Crucially, this study used language entropy as a measure of bilinguals’ language use patterns. To further examine this, the present study relates the social diversity of bilingual language use to performance on a color-shape switching task (CSST) in a group of bilingual university students with diverse linguistic backgrounds. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.Introduction: It has been proposed that bilinguals’ language use patterns are differentially associated with executive control. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
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